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All civilisations have been captivated by the mystery of time, something is aware of and yet totally mystifying. The views they have formed about time,
rather than being merely of interest for discussion in metaphysics, shape the attitude of the people towards life experiences, historical perspectives and anticipations for the future. The two great civilisations of
Asia, the Chinese and the Indians have treated time and events differently. The Chinese kept meticulous chronology, immediate ancestors were very much part of society, and work towards the progress of society as a
whole was the duty of the individual. Hard work would lead to progress and a better life for all. On the other hand Indian society seems to have the notion that time as experienced depends on the state of awareness
of the individual and hence time functions in a variety of forms. So chronology in India is unreliable, and most events were simply "a long time ago". In this brief presentation, i attempt to give the many
views on time in the Indian tradition.
Time in the World, but not World in Time
Throughout the tradition, time is not an external framework or scaffolding but an integral component of the world. The world is not in time, but it
incorporates time. In fact, the Vaisesika system of Indian philosophy, which is closest to physics, time (kála) is is an ingredient of world building. In the traditional greeting of the morning and evening twilight
in the declaratory segment (sankalpa), one identifies oneself as a committed research student belonging to well-defined family and hue (varna), cosmic and regional spatial coordinates (space) and the cosmic time
(kalpa, manvantara, yuga, year, month, data, asterism and time of day) are recited. Even as they are recited and you recall the vastness of the time you are also reminded that the yuga (kali), the manvantara
(vaivasvata) and the kalpa (adivatarha) are going to recur "in the fullness of time" when there is total dissolution (pralaya) and subsequent creation and superdissolution (kalpánta) and reinvention of the
concepts of space, time and manifestation. This curiously finds an echo in quantum mechanics where any local clock should cycle after a long but finite time depending on the elaborateness of the construction of the
clock and the number of its dials.
Irreversibility, History and Causality
Is this time reversible or irreversible ? One of the stanzas of Rámáyaná echoes (dhvani) an answer to this question:
One who transcends the limitations
knows time as his chariot.
But one who is limited knows
cause-effect relation.
So, in that context, delimitation leads to irreversibility.
(rámam dasaratham viddhi mám viddhi janakátmjám).
In the Aitereya Upanisad the mechanism of sentience is described: prajápati has provided the five senses and their presiding graces (devatá) but they
entreat prajápati to provide them sustenance so that they nay function; in response food was created. But none of the graces could assimilate food: neither the sight with the eye nor the hearing with the ear. The
life currents (prána) were pressed into service; but only the downward current (apána vayu) could utilise food by digestion and decomposition. This is the first account of irreversible time, to provide the impetus
to drive process. It is an open system since food is from outside which is ingested, digested and ejected. The second law of biological thermodynamics appears and makes history enter physics. There is a sense from
past to future.
What is small is true also in the large. (yato pindah, tatho brahmándah) External events is now ascribed to a sense of causality: that
which invariably precedes is the cause, that which invariably follows is the effect. There is an arrow and flow from the tail to the tip of the arrow, from cause to effect. This is our experience of "profane
time".
Insight is also Irreversible
Along with this directed flow is a counter-flow the present to the past. While everybody functioning has the present effect the future but has no
influence on the past, in the context of insight and understanding the situation is precisely opposite. Ignorance (avidya) has no beginning (anádi) but has a definite end. And the proper insight illuminates the
past, dispelling all ignorance and reveals the harmony of the restricted experience and thus affects the past. (nirastha sarvasandéham ékikrtya sudarsánam, rahasyam yo drasá iti). In this context illumination is instantaneous and effortless but the glow of illumination can extend for a long time, maybe all your life. Perception of such countercurrent moments is in "sacred time".
We may remind ourselves that the Lord Buddha intuitively grasped that suffering was there always but there is an end to suffering.
Living in Two Time-Streams
An insightful person lives in two distinct streams of time "simultaneously". The two kinds of times are distinguished by their topological
connectivities and the texture of perception of eternal events. In profane time there is no chronology, discreteness of events and a fragment world structure. But in sacred time there is no chronology and no sense
of the long interval of clock time between two occasions; and insight is always fresh. It comes uninvited and without the feeling of exertion.
In the Vishnu Purana there is a mythological story about sage Nárada asking lord Vishnu as to why people are deluded into living in profane time when
all along they could function in sacred time. Lord Vishnu offers to do so, but asks Nárada, in the meantime, to fetch a cup of water. Nárada goes to the nearest house and knocks on the door to ask for the water. A
beautiful and attractive young woman opens the door. Nárada is completely captivated by her charms, forgets about his fetching a cup of water for the Lord, forgets that he is an avowed celibate; and he woos and wins
her hand. They live together in a house after getting married and in due course two course two beautiful children arrive in successive years. While they are living in contentment, suddenly a flash flood engulfs
their neighbourhood and even their home. They have to try to escape as the flood waters rise and the current becomes stronger. It becomes so strong that first one child, then the other and finally his wife are swept
away by the raging waters. Nárada himself is barely able to have a precarious hold on a tree and feeling terribly shocked by the tragedy that has befallen him. While waiting thus, he hears Lord Vishnu's call asking
him where is the cup of water because he is still thirsty. Nárada suddenly realises that he was all the while standing on the firm ground and only a few moments have passed!
There are a number of other such parables in the Yoga Vásista about the paradoxes of experienced time and clock time. So apart from the distinction
between linear and cyclic times, between directed historical time and reversible time-as-a-chariot we cannot ignore the importance of experienced time.
Even if we don't have sage Nárada's (or King Lavana's) adventures with time we do have several experienced times, since, when we dream the time in the
dream state (svapna) is not the same as the time in the wakening state (jágrat) or in the deep sleep sate (susuptá). If there is experience of a substratum to all these states, the fourth encompassing state (turiya)
there would be a corresponding time sense. It is part of the tradition that this time sense is the same as the "sacred time" of insight. In Sankarácárya's Daksinamúrtistótram this is stated as
The time of self-realisation
At the moment of insight
Arise the connection truly
That you are in essence the World
(ya sákátkuruté prabhásadamye svátmánevádvayam)
There are two equivalent ways of stating this state of affairs: one can talk about events outside our dream stream; or one can talk about multiple
strands of time.
The classic koan is the following: you see a piece of rope lying in the shadows and get thoroughly frightened believing it to be a serpent. The classic
koan is the following: you see a piece of rope lying in the shadows and get thoroughly frightened believing it to be a serpent. You get a lamp and look more carefully at it and recognise it to be a rope. Your fear
is gone, but the physiological symptoms of fright take some time to settle. Question: When and from where did the serpent come and when and from where did it go away? If you say there was never any serpent, then you
have to concede that even then your body suffered from extreme fright. At that time to you, there was a serpent. It must then have come sometime and gone away some other time. Our experienced time and events may be
like time.
Order and Creative Disorder
A beautiful traditional way of stating the experienced world is to say there are two modalities in which our intelligence works: the Vaisnava mode ans
the Saiva mode. The first one is temporally ordered, causal, spatio-temporal and continuous. It has a place for society, ethics, morals, and work towards a goal; and the notion of progress. The processing is
sequential, algorithmic, and reliable. The world is sustained by the Vaisnava mode: sometimes it is phrased as Lord Vishnu is the maintainer of the world. It is not surprising that Lord Vishnu's consort is Devi
Laksmi, the goddess of wealth.
In contrast the Saiva mode is atemporal, non causal, and spontaneous. Insight is the central theme of all experience. The Saiva mode is intermittent in
profane time, though between two such insightful extended moments there is no discontinuity. The Saiva modality is creative and hence uncaused. It is nontemporal so it cannot be predicted. Creativity and end of
certitude are characteristic of the Saivite modality.
It is only fitting that in Shiva sutra, a collection of aphorisms about Lord Shiva the four stages of creativity are named: they are the transcendent
(pára), the seeing (pasyanti), the transducing and processing (madhyama) and the expression (vykhari). The fourth stage the creativity becomes the common asset of everyone since it is displayed, exhibited, sculpted
or performed. But before this stage there is a lot of work on the part of the scientist or artist to process his insight and inspiration into a form where it can be expressed. It is not always a matter of technical
skill but it involves shifts back and forth between the Saivite and the Vaisnavite modalities. There is often a reluctance to descend from the sacred worked of insight into the profane world of common language and
symbols. This is an important part of the process of creativity. One can do it with diligence but it cannot be rushed. A receptive audience is a great aid for this processing. Not doing enough work on transmitting
insights and processing visions can have the detrimental effect of the whole expression being flawed, and the insight reject by the community of scientists or artists. But where did the vision come from? The best
answer is "from beyond", "transcending limits", the "absolute" etc. These are all names for the unnameable, for the source outside time, space, and causality from which insights come.
So we may symbolically refer to it as "the beyond" (pará). Quite proper that "the beyond" reveals itself in the Saivite mode, beyond the everyday world.
From the moment go insight the creative insight assumes form and substance during the processing and finds itself in the world in full glory at the
fourth stage. The abstract is completed in time, so it it (ka+alam=kálam) absolute + completing = time or as an answer to what is it that completes we say time: what? + completing = time (ka? + alam).
Is the Time Discrete or Continuous?
Lord Buddha and his followers considered the instants of time associated with events as the primary reality which only appears continuous time. These
primary temporal fragments, are called ksana (chronons). The person who by discipline has overcome the illusion of the connectedness of the ksana through a continuous time stands to free himself from the bondage to
his past more or less. Of course things did not remain that simple and later philosophers have subdivided the ksana and introduced several parts of connection but only one part of choice. Again a causal world with
partial openings to creativity.
Comparison with Other West Asian Traditions
In the West Asian religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which are dominated by linear programmed purposive good life now, so that you may go on to
a perpetual blessed existence after death, possibly long after death. Jehovah made a convenient with his people and did lay down rules of conduct which forbid many of the creative graphic arts, for example. It is
therefore an irony that many of the most creative have come from the tribes of the chosen people. The instructions to the followers of each of these religions contains many edicts calculated to stifle any Saivite
experiences. The Old Testament painstakingly traces genealogies and chronicles events during many generations, hopefully true though highly partisan accounts. Cosmology is laid out and the final events too are
predicted. Where then can be Saivite atemporal events?
A careful review shows the moment when Moses comes in view of the burning bush which burnt but was not consumed , he not only sees, but also hears a
voice from beyond. He is told that the time and place are holy, so he removes his sandals. What is the outcome? The fugitive from Egyptian Justice, responsible for murders, now living as a sheepherder for his
father-in-law is transformed into a diplomat who has to negotiate with the Egyptian Pharaoh himself. Awe by the tremendous task of translating his son-et-lumičre experience into a negotiating process, Moses is
overcome but he does not waver about the authenticity of the experience. He ends up liberating his people from Egypt and takes them on a random walk for forty years in the Sinai. Eventually he hands over the reins
to a young Joshua.
In the New Testament, there is repeated effort to show that Jehovah's plans as told in ancient times have been fulfilled. There is a newer path, a
softer covenant, but still the general scheme is the same: a linear time, a purposeful march towards the ultimate goal in systematic fashion. Yet there are isolated Saivite events. One such is the baptism of Jesus
by John at River Jordan. Jesus' head shone with the glory of the Holy Ghost in the form of a white dove while God the Father spoke, "Here is My Son, My Only Son!" It was a moment but that opened up a
lifetime of his world ministry. There is also the Transfiguration of Jesus on Mount Tabor: the vision and the voices heard by their disciples shake their long held beliefs; and one of them wishes to perpetuate the
moment by pitching three tents on the Mountain: one for Jesus, one for Elijah and one for Moses. The past and the present are commingled and sought to be perpetuated at the location. St. Paul reminds all about the
mysterious Melchizadech who had no father, no mother, no genealogy, yet was perpetually priest for the Lord God. Abraham, the Patriarch of the faithful paid tithe to him on behalf of Levy and all the Jewish priests.
Yet the only time we see Melchizadech appears is before Abraham for a brief encounter. It is not the length of the duration, but the depth of its impression that determines the effectiveness.
Witnessing Awareness (Sáksi bhava)
Back to the English tradition regarding time. an elaborate discussion takes place between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna, his charioteer and adviser in the Kuruksétra War. The discussion takes place before the hostile armies drawn up to start the fight. At once stage Lord Krishna says
I am the inner self of all creatures
I am the beginning, the middle and the end Gita X 20 (Ahamátma gudákésa sarvabhútasayasthita
ahamdim ca madhyam cabhútánám antah eva ca)
After the glimpse of the all encompassing universal form (visvarúpa) of the Lord, Arjuna sings forth in adoration:
Many hands, torsos, mouths, eyes
I see You everywhere: endless forms.
Neither beginning, middle, end nor source for Thee
Lord of the Universe, I see your Universal Form.
(anékabáhundara vaktranétram
pasyami tvam sarvato anantarúpam
Gita XI 16; nántam na madhyam na punastavadim
pasyami visvésvara visvarupam.)
To this the Lord replies
I am indeed Time, that dissolves the world
I function to gather together/slay mankind
Truly no one will survive to see the future
Among these armies: except for thee.
Gita XI 32: (káló smi lokaksayakrt pravurdho
lokán samahartumiha pravruttah.
rtépi tvam na bhavisyanti sarvé
yó vasyitah: pratyanikesu yodhah)
Not everyone has the experience of Arjuna nor is there always Krishna to explain and to illuminate. But the message to us is that "time" is
that which is experienced in different textures under different levels of awareness. At one level it is merely a label, at another level it is a sequential historical label but the role of time becomes all
encompassing in intense illuminating experience. There have to be different descriptions in these different contexts. Orderly lawful equations of motion embodying predictable evolution which could acquire
irreversibility and time sense. These are the everyday view of the world, the Vaisnavite modality. But spontaneous creativity, unpredictable, indescribable, functions as surely, and this is the Saivite modality.
Tradition describes a level of awareness in which the creative insights as well as orderly evolution are seen as harmonious aspects when the whole
world is seen as Arjuna saw the Visva rúpa. It is called the witnessing awareness (sáksi bháva) and it sees the mind and all its modifications and phenomena along with the external universe. The external universe is
no longer external, the mental no longer internal, but everything is seen as an undivided whole. This is described in the Mundáka Udupanisad in terms of two birds allied in friendship (dvá suparna sayúja sakháya)
sitting on the branches of the same tree; while one eats the sweet and bitter fruits the other watching it. It is even more graphically depicted in the Rg Véda as: the Master of the house is seen at a distance (dúré
drsam grhapatim).
We who are engaged in basic scientific research are fortunate since we are like the sages and seers (rsi) of old: we can be engaged in contemplation in
the midst of activity and even wander around beautiful Sylvan settings like Les Treilles. We proceed in an orderly manner with our investigation; and worthwhile problems take much effort and much time. Then come the
flashes of insight, uninvited, unexpected, awesome, but never unwelcome. The first timeless state (pasyanti) illuminates but does not speak. There is the long period of processing (madhyama) the insight into a
complete solution not only to ourselves but to all the world. This processing takes place in time. So does the final stage of presentation (vykhari). These are some of the traditional views on time in the Indian
tradition.
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